A tool for determining sheltering efficiency of mechanically ventilated buildings against outdoor hazardous agents

Publication date: September 2016
Source:Building and Environment, Volume 106
Author(s): Ilpo Kulmala, Hannu Salmela, Tapio Kalliohaka, Tomasz Zwęgliński, Marcin Smolarkiewicz, Aimo Taipale, Jari Kataja
Sudden large scale outdoor releases of toxic materials may require protective actions in the affected areas, and one option is to shelter indoors. Mechanically ventilated buildings provide protection against outdoor hazardous particulate materials with varying efficiency depending mainly on the properties of the HVAC system of the building, air leakage, and the nature of the outdoor release. A tool for modelling the indoor concentrations due to outdoor contaminants has been developed and presented. The tool solves numerically the simplified mass balance equation describing the size-resolved behaviour of airborne particles and uses as input experimentally obtained data on particle concentrations outdoors, in the supply air, and indoors. By eliminating the effect of indoor sources the size-resolved indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio for fine particles can be determined accurately, thus giving detailed information on the buildings protective capability and thereby quantitative knowledge to support emergency managers decision making.